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March 10, 2020
Fortran Compiler Installation Instructions for OS X

The Mac OS X operating system is a variant of unix (called Darwin, which is a derivative of BSD unix). It is a versatile computing platform suitable both for computational chemistry calculations and for developing and compiling programs.

OS X Yosemite (10.10): download gfortran 5.2 or gfortran 4.9.2. Other projects packaging GCC (and gfortran) binaries for Mac include. Free for students: https://software.intel.com/en-us/qualify-for-free-software/student. Installing GCC. Installing GCC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being.

Although scientific programs use a variety of languages (basic, pascal, c, java, perl, python, ..), a substantial base of scientific code is written in fortran. Most (though not all) computational engines supported by WebMO are written in fortran. This resource concentrates on fortran compilers and the tools needed to support them.

While integrated development environments (IDE's) are useful in supporting program development, this resource concentrates on the command line interface (CLI) using the Terminal application that is supplied with OS X.

The procedures discussed on this page have been designed for Mac OS X 10.5.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT UTILITIES AND c COMPILER

Command line program development often uses unix utilities (cvs, make, ranlib, ..) when developing and compiling a project. These utilities, together with the c compiler for OS X, are available as part of the Xcode Tools that come with OS X. However, they are not installed by default.

  1. Insert Mac OS X Installation DVD. Navigate to the Optional Installs: Xcode Tools folder.
  2. Double-click XcodeTools.mpkg. Follow the prompts, but at Installation Type, click the Customize button.
  3. Uncheck all the components and check only Unix Development Support. In particular, Developer Tools Essentials should be unchecked (saving you 2.5GB of disk space)!
  4. Provide your password for the installation will proceed.
  5. Notes:
    • The latest version of Xcode Tools can be obtained by registering for a free ADC membership and then downloading the latest version of Xcode from Apple (caution: it is > 1GB!).
    • Xcode can be uninstalled by running
      $ sudo /Developer/Library/uninstall-devtools
      as described in the Xcode Tools Uninstaller

g77 COMPILER

g77 is the gnu fortran77 compiler. It was last produced with gnu compiler collection (gcc) 3.4, and has since been supplanted with gfortran which supports fortran95. Because of the free-cost and high quality of the gnu copmpilers, a significant amount of software has been developed for and compiled with the g77 compiler.

A tar file of the final realease of g77 compiled for OS X exists at High Performance Computing for Mac OS X.

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  1. Download g77-intel-bin.tar.gz (Intel Mac only) or g77-bin.tar.gz (PowerPC only)
  2. If your browser did not automatically unzip the file, then
    $ gunzip g77-bin-intel.tar.gz
  3. Install the distribution
    $ sudo tar -xvf g77-bin.tar -C /
    which puts everything in /usr/local
  4. Notes:
    • No uninstall script exists, so the install files need to be listed from the tar file and manually deleted. The following command automates the process of deleting all installed files and empty directories:
      $ tar -tf g77-bin.tar sort -r (cd /; xargs -p -n 1 rm -d)
      You may wish to replace the '-p' switch with '-t' so that you are not prompted to delete each file.
    • G77 documentation is available at GCC Online Documentation

gfortran COMPILER

gfortran is the new gnu fortran compiler, which attempts to follow the fortran95 standard. As such, it should be backward compatible with fortran77 and fortran90. It also promises to attempt following future fortran standards, such as fortran2003. gfortran replaces the gnu g77 compiler and is included with gnu compiler collection (gcc) 4.0 and higher.

Although Apple XCode Tools includes gcc 4.X, it is not a complete implementation and lacks gfortran. However, various implementations of gfortran have been compiled and are available at GCC Wiki GFortranBinaries, Tools - R (and Fortran) for Mac OS X, or High Performance Computing for Mac OS X. These implementations vary by version, platform supported, and integration with XCode Tools. Important: Install only one implementation of gfortran, as each version would overwrite portions of the others!

  • The 'GCC Wiki' implementation described in the following procedure is typically the newest binary release of gfortran, but requires that you download a version appropriate for your architecture.
    1. Visit the GCC Wiki GFortranBinaries page and scroll to the MacOS section
    2. Downoad gfortran-macosx-x86.dmg (Intel) or gfortran-macosx-ppc.dmg (PowerPC)
    3. If your browser did not automatically mount the disk image, the double-click the dmg file to mount and open it
    4. Open the gfortran-macosx-{architecture}-{version} folder, double-click gfortran.pkg, and follow the prompts to install it
    5. Notes:
      • All gfortran files are installed in /usr/local/gfortran, and a single symbloic link /usr/local/bin/gfortran is created. Thus, to uninstall the package, run
        $ sudo rm -r /usr/local/gfortran /usr/local/bin/gfortran
      • GNU Fortran documentation is available at GCC Online Documentation
  • The 'R Tools' implementation described in the following procedure is independent of XCode Tool version, offers support for 'fat-binaries' which can run on multiple platforms, can build static or dynamic binaries, and has a convenient uninstall script.
    1. Downoad gfortran-4.2.3.dmg
    2. If your browser did not automatically mount the disk image, the double-click the dmg file to mount and open it
    3. Double-click gfortran.pkg and follow the prompts to install it
    4. Notes:
      • To uninstall the package, run
        $ sudo /usr/local/bin/gfortran-uninstall
      • To obtain gfortran documentation, run
        $ info gfortran
  • The 'sourceforge' implementation described in the following procedure requires that you download a version appropriate for your architecture, does not produce 'fat binaries', and does not come with an uninstall script (although a method is provided below)
    1. Downoad gfortran-leopard-intel-bin.tar.gz (Intel) or gfortran-leopard-ppc-bin.tar.gz (Power PC)
    2. If your browser did not automatically unzip the file, then
      $ gunzip gcc-leopard-intel-bin.tar.gz
    3. Install the distribution
      $ sudo tar -xvf gcc-leopard-intel-bin.tar -C /
      which puts everything in /usr/local
    4. Notes:
      • No uninstall script exists, but the following command will delete all installed files and empty directories:
        $ tar -tf gfortran-leopard-intel-bin.tar sort -r (cd /; xargs -p -n 1 rm -d)
        You may wish to replace the '-p' switch with '-t' so that you are not prompted to delete each file.
      • GNU Fortran documentation is available at GCC Online Documentation
  • Note that there is a G95 project, which is completely independent of the gnu gfortran project (despite the similarity with the gnu g77 compiler name). The G95 project is not associated with the gnu compiler collection!
f2c TRANSLATOR / f77 COMPILER f2c is a fortran77-to-c source code translator. Because f2c is written in c and its ouput is c, both of which can be compiled natively on unix operating systems, f2c offers a very transportable compiler solution for compiling fortran programs. f2c also offers a means of converting large fortran libraries, such as LAPACK, into c. f2c is still actively maintained and is available at http://www.netlib.org/f2c/.

f77 was the first complete fortran77 compiler and was written in c. The original f77 program is no longer available for current computer architectures. However, f2c is based on the original f77 program, and the f2c distribution contains a f77 wrapper script that combines the f2c translation and c compilation steps. The f77 script also supports many command line options commonly associated with fortran compilers. Since the f77 script calls f2c, which in turn is based upon the original f77 program, the f77 script within the f2c distribution represents the most current implementation of the original f77 program.

  1. Download the installation script install_f2c_osx.csh
    which is
  2. Run installation script
      $ chmod +x install_f2c_osx.csh
      $ sudo ./install_f2c_osx.csh
    which will produce the following files:
      /usr/local/bin/f2c
      /usr/local/include/f2c.h
      /usr/local/lib/libf2c.a
      /usr/local/man/man1/f2c.1t
      /usr/local/bin/f77
  3. Translate, compile, link, and run a program
      $ f2c hello.f
      $ gcc -c hello.c
      $ gcc -o hello hello.o -lf2c -lm
      $ ./hello
    Or combine the first three steps into a single command
      $ f77 -o hello hello.f
  4. Notes:
    • To uninstall f2c, manually delete the five files produced above

RESOURCES

    Free Fortran Compilers
      GFortranBinaries - GCC Wiki
      Tools - R (and Fortran) for Mac OS X
      High Performance Computing for Mac OS X
      GNU Fortran
      FINK: GNU Compiler Collection Version 4.3 (includes gfortran)
      The G95 Project
      f2c
    Commercial Fortran Compilers
      Intel Fortran Compiler for OS X
      IBM XL Fortran Compiler for Macintosh OS X
      Absoft Fortran for OS X
      PGI Fortran Workstation
      NAG Fortran Compiler
    Fortran Resources
      Programming on Mac OS X
      Fortran Tools and Libraries
      Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Fortran
      Help for Fortran and Fortran90 Programming
    Fortran Syntax
      Fortran Syntax
      Fortran 90 for the Fortran 77 Programmer
      Summary of Fortran 95 Language
      A Summary of Fortran
      Fortran 90 Notes
      The GNU Fortran Compiler
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Installing G++ on a Mac

This section is intended to get you quickly started with C++ programming on your Mac. We'll be installing GCC 4.8.1 and GDB through a tool called Homebrew. If you want an additional guide on all of the following steps (except for installing GCC), the one by Moncef Belyamani is quite helpful. When you follow it, ignore anything about installing Ruby; that is, stop after setting up git.

Homebrew

Homebrew 'installs the stuff that you need that Apple don't'. It's like Ubuntu's apt-get, where one can install packages easily from repositories. Instead of having to download, configure, and install something yourself, all you need to do is run one command, and Homebrew will take care of the rest for you.

Pre-requisites

Homebrew requires that you have either Xcode or the Xcode command line tools installed on your Mac. Xcode is a free integrated development environment similar to Eclipse designed by Apple and mainly intended for iOS development or targeting the clang compiler. In this class, we will focus on gcc.

Xcode is quite a big install, so if you do not want to install it, you can get away with just installing the Xcode command line tools. See a Stackoverflow discussion for instructions on how to install the command line tools regardless of whether you have Xcode installed.

Installing Homebrew

You need xcode command line tools to install Homebrew. It is very easy to install Homebrew. Open your terminal, and run the following command:

If this doesn't seem to do anything, try killing it (CTRL C) and running it again. Or checkout homebrew website.

GCC and GDB

Installing GCC

As mentioned before, installing packages with Homebrew is very easy. First, we will add the repository from which the GCC package is available, so that Homebrew knows where to find the package we want. The repository is at https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-versions.

We do this by using the brew-tap command. Keep your terminal open, and run the following command. (For more information on how brew-tap works, visit the Homebrew docs):

Next, we will actually install the GCC package. Run the following command:

It might take a while before the installation is complete. When done, run the following:

The result should look like this:

USC Wireless Warning

Many people have had issues running the brew install commands while connected to USC Wireless. If you are having trouble, you can either try using a wired connection, a different wireless connection, or do the following:

  1. Download a homebrew cache
  2. Open Finder, press CMD (command) + SHIFT + G and type /Library/Caches/Homebrew
  3. Extract the contents of the .zip you downloaded inside of the folder you opened in the previous step. Do not extract any of the .tar.bz2 or .tar.gz inside of the .zip folder.This should look as follows:

  4. Run brew install gcc48 in the Terminal as instructed above.

Using G++

To compile with the newly installed G++ compiler, use g++-4.8.

(Advanced) Aliasing g++

If you prefer calling g++ directly, you can also create a bash alias, as follows:

Put these two lines at the end of the file ~/.bashrc, and run:source ~/.bashrc

For more information on bash alias, take a look at the GNU Docs.

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Installing GDB

Here also we use Homebrew. The following instruction has been taken from GDB on OS X Mavericks and Xcode 5 guide. To install, run the following brew command.

Check if it's installed:

The result should be gdb version 7 or higher.

Codesigning gdb

gdb is not going to debug yet. You'll get an error message like 'please check gdb is codesigned'. You need to create a certificate and sign gdb. By doing so you're telling the operating system that gdb is authorized to attach to other processes for debugging purposes. The following instructions have been taken from this Code Signing guide.

  1. Open application 'Keychain Access' (/Applications/Utilities/Keychain Access.app)
  2. In Keychain Access, select the 'login' keychain in the 'Keychains' list in the upper left hand corner of the window.

  3. Open the menu item in /Keychain Access/Certificate Assistant/Create a Certificate..

  4. Choose a name ('lldb_codesign' in the example, but you can use anything you want), set 'Identity Type' to 'Self Signed Root', and set 'Certificate Type' to 'Code Signing'. Click 'Create'.

  5. Click continue, continue and done.

  6. Click on the “My Certificates” category on the left side and double click on the new “lldb_codesign” certificate.

  7. Open the context menu for 'Trust' (click the triangle) and change the following:When using this certificate: Always Trust

  8. Now close this window, and enter your login password to confirm this change.

  9. Option-drag (this meaning holding the option key down and dragging) the new 'lldb_codesign' certificate from the login keychain to the System keychain in the Keychains pane of the main Keychain Access window to make a copy of this certificate in the System keychain. You'll have to authorize a few more times, set it to be 'Always trusted' when asked.

  10. Switch to the 'System' keychain and drag a copy of the 'lldb_codesign' you just made onto the Desktop.

  11. Switch to Terminal and then run the following command (copy paste it!): sudo security add-trust -d -r trustRoot -p basic -p codeSign -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain ~/Desktop/lldb_codesign.cer

  12. Then right click on the 'lldb_codesign' certificate in the 'System' keychain (not 'Login') and select 'delete' to delete it from the 'System' keychain.

  13. Then reboot your system/computer.

  14. Finally you can sign gdb:codesign -s lldb_codesign /usr/local/bin/gdb

  15. If this command doesn't work..then panic! Just kidding, be sure that you have gdb installed and that gdb is actually installed in /usr/local/bin. You may want to try 'which gdb' in your Terminal to figure out where it is.

  16. Finally, remove the lldb_codesign.cer file that's sitting on your desktop, and gdb should be working at this point. :)